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- The Fed and Interest Rates
-
- Dave Pettit of The Wall Street Journal writes a daily column that
- appears inside the first page of the journal's Money & Investment
- section. If the headlines of Mr. Pettit's daily column are any accurate
- record of economic concerns and current issues in the business world,
- the late weeks of March and the early weeks of April in 1994 were
- intensely concerned with interest rates. To quote, "Industrials Edge Up
- 4.32 Points Amid Caution on Interest Rates," and "Industrials Track On
- 13.53 Points Despite Interest-Rate Concerns." Why such a concern with
- interest rates? A week before, in the last week of March, the Fed had
- pushed up the short-term rates. This being the first increase in almost
- five years, it caused quite a stir.
- When the Fed decides the economy is growing at too quick a pace, or
- inflation is getting out of hand, it can take actions to slow spending
- and decrease the money supply. This corresponding with the money
- equation MV = PY, by lowering both M and V, P and Y can stabilize if
- they are increasing too rapidly. The Fed does this by selling
- securities on the open market. This, in turn, reduces bank's reserves
- and forces the interest rate to rise so the banks can afford to make
- loans. People seeing these rises in rates will tend to sell their low
- interest assets, in order to acquire additional money, they tend move
- toward higher yielding accounts, also further increasing the rate. Soon
- this small change by the Fed affects all aspects of business, from the
- price level to interest rates on credit cards.
- Rises and falls in the interest rate can reflect many changes in an
- economy. When the economy is in a recession and needs a type of
- stimulus package, the Fed may attempt to decrease the interest rates to
- encourage growth and spending in the markets. This was the case from
- 1989 until last month, during which the nation's economy was generally
- considered to be in a slight to moderate recession. During this period
- the Fed tried to keep interest rates low to facilitate growth and
- spending in hard times. However, when inflation is increasing too
- quickly and the economy is gaining strength, the Fed will attempt to
- raise rates, as it did late last March. This can be considered a sign
- that we are pulling out of the recession, or atleast it seems the Fed
- feels the recession of the early nineties is ending.
- Directly after the Fed's actions, the stock market was a mess. The Dow
- took huge dips, falling as much as 50 points a day. Although no one
- knows exactly what influences the market, the increase in interest rates
- played a major role in this craziness. Mr. Pettit's column on March
- 25th highlights, "Industrials Slide 48.37," Mr. Pettit attributes a
- large portion of the market's "tailspin" at this time to, "Rising
- interest rates at home." It is certainly no coincidence that these two
- events happened at the same time.
- Alan Greenspan, the current chairman of the Fed comes under great
- attack and praise with every move the Fed makes. He is, in a sense, the
- embodiment of the Fed. He has been in charge of the Fed since 1987.
- Some economists blame him for the recession of the early nineties. His
- influence on the interest rates as chairman of the Fed is monumental.
- It is his combined job as the Fed to steer the economy in a balanced
- manner that does not yield too much to inflation and to keep growth
- steady. Predictably, most economists are back seat drivers when it
- comes to watching the actions of Allen Greenspan, and they tend to feel
- they could much more successfully manage the economy than he. Many also
- agree with his tactics, so it is a two way street on which the chairman
- is forced to drive.
- It seems that not only the analysts are in disagreement of how the fed
- should operate, but interestingly enough, the internal policy makers
- seem to also disagree on what stance the Fed should take. Some of the
- internal policy makers are interested in making a more substantial
- increase now, while others opt for a more conservative approach, where
- the market can be tested for both good and bad influences from the rate
- increases. Allen Greenspan is one of this more conservative group, and
- it is he is critisized by some for the irradic behavior in the stock
- market as of late.
- The equilibrium that the Fed is looking for occurs when an interest
- rate is set that makes the quantity of real money available be willingly
- held. Because this is such a delicate system this "equilibrium" is
- never exactly met, and the Fed's job is to try to keep the market at or
- near this form of equilibrium. Unfortunately this case is never exactly
- met, and the market can easily suffer because of it.
-
- Summary of Articles:
-
- US News (Late March 1994) -
- "Interest Rates: The Fed Strikes Again"
- This article covers a brief explanation of exactly what the Fed did,
- covering the major factors and influences of the Fed's actions. It pays
- special attention on the issue of inflation, and how different
- forecasters will interpret the Fed's actions. Overall, this article
- gives the reader a good understanding of what took place, and what
- repercussions are likely to come about because of it.
-
-
- The Wall Street Journal (Mon. March 28, 1994) -
- "Fed Was Divided on Rate-Rise Size Voted in February"
- This article shows an interesting perspective of the Fed. It discusses
- the fact that the Fed's policy makers were somewhat split between those
- who were looking for a "slight" increase as opposed to one of "somewhat
- greater" magnitude. This article is interesting because it shows that
- even the Fed can be uncertain about what is best for the economy, but it
- still focuses on the power of Allen Greenspan, as well as the committee
- as a whole. It compares the two arguments of each method, and shows a
- weakness in the Fed that may have been unknown to the reader before.
- The Wall Street Journal (Mon. April 11, 1994) -
- "Fed Moved Too Slow On Increasing Rates"
- This recent article criticizes the Fed's actions in raising the
- interest rate, and complains that the Fed has fallen behind in it's
- job. It discusses the plan for a "Neutral" policy and what the Fed has
- tried to do and not do to maintain this so called policy. It argues the
- motives and reasons for wanting a lower interest rate and compares past
- decades to today's standings. Overall it focuses deeply on the need to
- check inflation and if it is valid. It shows that the Fed tends to take
- a more conservative approach to the economy than some analysts would
- prefer, but that the Fed will probably continue to raise interest rates.
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